Condition,Intervention,Intervention type,Intervention description,Intervention setting,Objective,TargetPopulation,Cost effectiveness(US$/DALY),Cost effectiveness estimate,Cost effectiveness range (US$/DALY),Number of DALYs averted (hundreds),Number of deaths averted,Quality of cost effectiveness analysis evidence
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,A-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy,PERSONAL,Intravenous treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to severe deficiency; ranges with age and efficacy,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",palliation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,"14,400-215,000 per QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
Diabetes,ACE inhibitor,PERSONAL,ACE inhibitors for blood pressure control,Clinic,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"620 per QALY (EAP); 830 per QALY (ECA); 1,020 per QALY (LAC); 870 per QALY (MNA); 510 per QALY (SAR); 460 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Congestive heart failure,"ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker, with diuretics",PERSONAL,"Use of ACE inhibitor and an optional beta-blocker (metoprolol), incremental to diuretics",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",150,,27-274,11.59,--,5
Kidney disease,ACE inhibitors,PERSONAL,ACE inhibitors for all type-1 diabetetics with macroproteinuria and all type-2 diabetics,Clinic,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,1100-7700 per QALY (USA),,,,4
Alcohol abuse,Advertising ban and reduced access to beverage retail,POPULATION,"Reduced access to alcoholic beverage retail outlets by reducing the hours of sale or advertising bans on television, radio, and billboards",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",404,,367-441,0.44,--,5
Soil-transmitted helminthic infections,Albendazole,POPULATION,"Annual albendazole anthelmintic drug treatment to reduce morbidity through the deworming of Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm in school-age children","Community,School",population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",3,,--,127.76,1.98,5
Diabetes,Annual eye examination,PERSONAL,Dilated eye examination to detect proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema followed by appropriate photocoagulation therapy to prevent blindness,Clinic,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,420 per QALY (EAP); 560 per QALY (ECA); 700 per QALY (LAC); 590 per QALY (MNA); 350 per QALY (SAR); 320 per QALY (SSA),,,,5
Lymphatic filariasis,Annual mass drug administration,POPULATION,"Two annual, single-dose, twodrug regimens are recommended: ivermectin plus albendazole in African countries that are coendemic for onchocerciasis, and diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for all other endemic countries","Clinic,Community",population-oriented medical intervention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",15 (South Asia),,4-27 (South Asia),--,--,4 (South Asia)
Diabetes,Annual screening for microalbuminuria,POPULATION,Screening for microalbuminuria and treating those who test positive,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",population-oriented medical intervention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,"3,310 per QALY (EAP); 4,450 per QALY (ECA); 5,510 per QALY (LAC); 4,680 per QALY (MNA); 2,760 per QALY (SAR); 2,500 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Schizophrenia,"Antipsychotic drugs with optional psychosocial treatment, communitybased",PERSONAL,"Maintenance treatment in a community-based setting with antipsychotic drugs, neuroleptic antipsychotic drug, or an atypical antipsychotic drug, with or without psychosocial treatment",Community,secondary prevention,"Adults,Adolescents and adults","9,834",,"2,472-17,197",0.7,--,5
Schizophrenia,"Antipsychotic drugs with optional psychosocial treatment, hospitalbased",PERSONAL,"Maintenance treatment in a hospital setting with antipsychotic drugs, neuroleptic antipsychotic drug, or an atypical antipsychotic drug, with or without psychosocial treatment","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Adolescents and adults","11,920",,"4,105-19,736",0.6,--,5
HIV/AIDS,Antiretroviral therapy,PERSONAL,Combination therapy with multiple antiretroviral drugs associated with prolonged survival in treated patients,Clinic,primary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",922 (SubSaharan Africa),,"350-1,494 (SubSaharan Africa)",--,--,3 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Stroke (ischemic),Aspirin,PERSONAL,Aspirin dose within 48 hours of onset of acute stroke,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",acute management,Adults,149,,--,1.62,0.12,5
Myocardial infarction,Aspirin and beta-blocker,PERSONAL,Aspirin with or without betablocker (atenolol),"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",acute management,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",14,,13-15,1.04,--,5
Stroke (recurrent),Aspirin and dipyridamole,PERSONAL,Daily aspirin dose or combination of aspirin and extended release dipyridamole,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",81,,70-93,1.77,14.29,5
Ischemic heart disease,"Aspirin, betablocker, and optional ACE inhibitor",PERSONAL,"Aspirin plus beta-blocker (atenolol) with optional ACE inhibitor (enalapril), with or without hospital availability","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",688,,451-926,8.4,--,5
Parkinson's disease,Ayurvedic treatment and levodopa or carbidopa,PERSONAL,"Levodopa (l-dopa), carbidopa, or ayurvedic therapy for partial relief of symptoms","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,Adults,"1,132",,"752-1,512",0.13,--,5
Tuberculosis (endemic),BCG vaccine,POPULATION,"Live attenuated vaccine, BCG; recommended at birth or at first contact with health services in areas of high incidence","Clinic,Local or district hospital","primary prevention,population-oriented medical intervention","Infants or children,Mothers and infants",68,,55-82,--,--,5
HIV/AIDS,Blood and needle safety,POPULATION,"Screening of all blood for transfusions; sterilization for all injections; harm reduction for injecting drug users, including needle exchange and drug substitution programs","Community,Clinic,Referral hospital,Local or district hospital",population-oriented medical intervention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",84 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,7-161 (SubSaharan Africa),--,--,2 (SubSaharan Africa)
Diarrheal disease,Breastfeeding promotion,POPULATION,"Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (recommended for six months) to new mothers, in which no other food or drink, including water, is permitted, except for supplements of vitamins and minerals and necessary medicines","Community,Clinic,Local or district hospital",personal behavior change,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",930,,--,0.43,1.33,5
Alcohol abuse,Brief advice to heavy drinkers by primary health care providers,PERSONAL,"During primary health care visits, provision of advice by physicians through education sessions and psychosocial counseling",Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",642,,--,1.75,--,5
Opioid abuse,Buprenorphine maintenance substitution,PERSONAL,Buprenorphine substitution maintenance treatment for non-methadone patients.,Clinic,rehabilitation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"49,000 per QALY (Highincome countries)",,,,1
Osteoporosis,Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D,PERSONAL,"Calcium with or withouth vitamin D supplements, based on evidence that it reduces appendicular fractures; assumes a compliance rate of 70%",Clinic,primary prevention,Adults,,"37,633-149,705 per QALY",,,,1
Stroke (recurrent),Carotid endarterectomy,PERSONAL,Carotid endarterectomy surgery to remove harmful plaque from the carotid arteries,Referral hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","1,458",,--,4.93,39.82,5
African trypanosomiasis,Case finding and treatment,PERSONAL,"Identification and treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense using the card agglutination trypanosomiasis test with parasitological confirmation, allowing for rapid diagnosis and treatment",Clinic,"primary prevention,cure","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",15 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,--,--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Leishmaniasis,Case finding and treatment,PERSONAL,"Combination of identification and treatment, vector control where feasible, and (in zoonotic foci) control of animal reservoirs","Clinic,Local or district hospital",primary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",9,,--,--,--,2
Lower acute respiratory infections (nonsevere),Case management at community or facility level,PERSONAL,"Nonsevere infection diagnosed by breath rate and treated by a community health worker or at a health facility, with amoxicillin, acetaminophen, and possibly salbutamol","Clinic,Community",cure,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",129,,50-208,5.15,17.36,5
Lower acute respiratory infections (severe and very severe),Case management at hospital level,PERSONAL,"Severe or very severe infection diagnosed by breath rate and with x-ray tests and treated at a hospital with antibiotics and possibly salbutamol, oxygen, and prednisolone",Local or district hospital,cure,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","4,530",,"2,916-6,144",0.48,1.57,5
Lower acute respiratory infections,"Casemanagement package at community, facility, and hospital levels",PERSONAL,"Comprehensive case-management strategy covering nonsevere infection being treated by a community health worker or at a health facility, severe infection treated at a hospital, and very severe infection treated at a hospital","Clinic,Local or district hospital",cure,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",398,,--,11.26,37.86,5
Cervical cancer,Chemoradiation therapy,PERSONAL,Cisplatin-based chemoradiation regimens on the basis of published and estimated survival.,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"337-31,400 per LYS (USA)",,,,1
Colorectal cancer,Chemotherapy,PERSONAL,Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage three colon cancer,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"3,000-7,000 per YLS (High-income countries)",,,,1
Breast cancer,Chemotherapy and/or tamoxifen,PERSONAL,"Tamoxifen and/or chemotherapy for 45-year-old premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer; for nodepositive, node-negative, estrogenreceptor-positive, and estrogenreceptor-negative patients",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,Adults,,"12,820-171,700 (USA)",,,,3
Underweight children,Child survival program with nutrition component,POPULATION,"Community-based nutrition programs to prevent growth faltering, control morbidity, and improve survival by promoting breastfeeding, providing education and counseling on optimal child feeding, preventing diarrheal disease, and monitoring growth",Community,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",42,,--,--,--,2
Diarrheal disease,Cholera or rotavirus immunization,POPULATION,Immunization for endemic cholera with live oral vaccine or rotavirus immunization with rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant-tetravalent vaccine (currently under development) in populations at risk of an outbreak,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","2,712",,"2,478-2,945",0.62,1.98,5
Diabetes,Cholesterol control,PERSONAL,Cholesterol control for people with total cholesterol higher than 200 milligrams/deciliter,Clinic,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,"4,420 per QALY (EAP); 5,940 per QALY (ECA); 7,350 per QALY (LAC); 6,240 per QALY (MNA); 3,680 per QALY (SAR); 3,330 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Breast cancer,Clinical breast exam,PERSONAL,"Examination of the breast performed by doctors or other trained health care professionals; annually, biennially, or five yearly; for women ages 40-60",Clinic,secondary prevention,Adults,,7125-9907 per death prevented (India); 522-722 per LYS (India),,,,4
Colorectal cancer,Colonoscopy every 10 years,PERSONAL,"Colonoscopy allows the physician to look inside the entire large intestine, from the lowest part, the rectum, all the way up through the colon to the lower end of the small intestine. The procedure is used to look for early signs of cancer in the colon an",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"9309-22,672 per YLS (USA)",,,,2
Neonatal mortality,Combined maternal and child health with neonatal packages,PERSONAL,"Family planning, prenatal care, and comprehensive obstetric care packages, as well as healthy home care practices, including exclusive breastfeeding, warmth protection, clean cord care, care seeking for emergencies; if birth outside a facility, then clean","Clinic,Community,Home",primary prevention,"Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","839 (South Asia), 789 (SubSaharan Africa)",,--,--,--,"4 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Silicosis,Comfort or dust mask,POPULATION,Comfort or dust mask with associated training,Policy level,instrument of policy,Adults,,111-191a per DALY (USA and Canada); 117-174a (Western Pacific),,,,3
HIV/AIDS,Condom promotion and distribution,POPULATION,"Targeted distribution and placement of condoms in locations such as bars or brothels; distribution linked to voluntary counseling and testing and sexually transmitted infection care to ensure universal access; information, education, and communication, in","Community,Clinic",personal behavior change,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",82 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,52-112 (SubSaharan Africa),--,--,1 (SubSaharan Africa)
Diarrheal disease,Construction and promotion of basic sanitation where facilities are limited,POPULATION,"Construction of low-cost excreta disposal facilities such as household pit latrines, ventilationimproved latrines, or pour-flush toilets, combined with public promotion of sanitation and hygiene","Policy level,Community","instrument of policy,control of environmental hazards","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",141,,11-270,--,--,1
Pollution-related illness,Control of toxins related  to industrial sector,POPULATION,Interventions include arsenic emissions standards at copper smelters and asbestos ban for brake linings,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,"less than 45,600 per LYS (USA)",,,,
Pollution-related illness,Control of toxins related to agriculture and forestry,POPULATION,Interventions include targeted pesticide bans and emissions standards at processing facilities,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,less than 0 per LYS (USA),,,,1
Pollution-related illness,Control of toxins related to energy industry,POPULATION,"Interventions include coal-fired power plant emissions controls, gasoline lead reduction, and desulphuring residual fuel oil",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,less than 0 per LYS (USA),,,,1
Pollution-related illness,Control of toxins related to residential sector,POPULATION,"Interventions include radon remediation and sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination of drinking water",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,5320-7730 per LYS (USA),,,,1
Cervical cancer,Conventional or liquidbased cytology testing,PERSONAL,Conventional cytology using the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and HPV testing every 1 to 10 years; or Liquid-based cytology using the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and HPV testing every 1 to 5 years,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"126,500 (USA); 162,400 (Thailand)",,,,2
Opioid abuse,Conventional outpatient detoxification,PERSONAL,Conventional outpatient detoxification is supervised withdrawal from a drug of dependence that attempts to minimize withdrawal symptoms.,Clinic,rehabilitation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"12,764 per abstinent patient (Australia)",,,,1
Ischemic heart disease,Coronary artery bypass graft,PERSONAL,"Placement of grafts (usually saphenous vein or internal mammary artery) to bypass stenosed coronary arteries, while maintaining cerebral and peripheral circulation by cardiopulmonary bypass",Referral hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","36,793",,--,0.76,--,5
Lymphatic filariasis,Diethyl carbamazine salt,POPULATION,Fortification of salt with diethyl carbamazine,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",22 (South Asia),,1-43 (South Asia),--,--,4 (South Asia)
"Tuberculosis (endemic, infectious or noninfectious)",Directly observed short-course chemotherapy,PERSONAL,"Short-course chemotherapy of infectious or noninfectious tuberculosis (with or without transmission, non-HIV-positive), diagnosed via directly observed treatment strategy",Clinic,"primary prevention,cure","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",301,,84-551,--,--,5
"Tuberculosis (epidemic, infectious)",Directly observed short-course chemotherapy,PERSONAL,"Short-course chemotherapy of infectious TB (allowing for transmission, non-HIV positive) carried out for epidemic TB",Clinic,"primary prevention,cure","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",102,,15-189,--,--,5
Colorectal cancer,Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years,PERSONAL,"A series of x-rays of the colon and rectum taken after the patient is given an enema, followed by an injection of air. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays, allowing many abnormal growths to be visible. This is conducted every 5 years.",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"11,503-26,393 per YLS (USA)",,,,2
Opioid abuse,Drug-free treatments,PERSONAL,Residential or outpatient drug-free treatments as well as self-help group attendance,Clinic,rehabilitation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"7000-13,000a (USA)",,,,1
Depression,Drugs with optional episodic or maintenance psychosocial treatment,PERSONAL,Antidepressant drugs (tricyclic antidepressant or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) used alone or in combination with psychosocial treatment for episodic depression or maintenance treatment,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","1,699",,"657-2,741",3.96,--,5
Panic disorder,Drugs with optional psychosocial treatment,PERSONAL,"Anxiolytic drugs (benzodiazepine), tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used with or without psychosocial treatment","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",734,,"384-1,084",0.83,--,5
Lung cancer,Early detection screening,POPULATION,"Screening of high-risk individuals, such as current and former smokers, for lung cancer using helical computed tomography",Local or district hospital,population-oriented medical intervention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,"20,000-100,000 per YLS (USA)",,,,3
Asthma,Education,POPULATION,Education in addition to exercise program,Clinic,personal behavior change,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",,"71,500/QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
African trypanosomiasis,Eflornithine,PERSONAL,Used in the second stage of the disease,Clinic,secondary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",20 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,--,--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Traffic accidents,"Enforcement of seatbelt laws, promotion of child restraints and random driver breath testing",POPULATION,"Mandatory seat belt and childrestraint laws, enforcement of drunk-driving laws, and random breath testing of drivers",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women","2,449",,"999-3,899",0.32,93.87,5
Silicosis,Engineering control,POPULATION,Wet method e.g. spraying a surface or wetting a blade to reduce dust; local exhaust ventilation; total plant ventilation,Policy level,control of environmental hazards,Adults,,105a per DALY (USA and Canada); 109a per DALY (Western Pacific),,,,3
Alcohol abuse,Excise tax,POPULATION,25 to 50 percent increase in the current excise tax rate on alcoholic beverages,Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults","1,377",,"1,249-1,504",0.62,--,5
Alcohol abuse,"Excise tax, advertising ban, with brief advice",POPULATION,"50 percent increase in the current excise tax rate on alcoholic beverages, combined with advice, education sessions, and psychosocial counseling; possible inclusion of random driver breath testing and advertising bans",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",631,,601-661,2.85,--,5
Cataract,Extracapsular surgery,PERSONAL,"Extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens; removal of the lens and the front portion of the capsule, which are then replaced with an artificial lens","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",cure,"Adults,Adolescents and adults",183,,--,--,--,3
Neonatal mortality,"Family, community, or clinical neonatal package",PERSONAL,"Healthy home care practices, including exclusive breastfeeding, warmth protection, clean cord care, care seeking for emergencies; if birth outside a facility, then clean delivery kit","Clinic,Community,Home",primary prevention,"Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","349 (South Asia), 345 (Sub-Saharan Africa)",,"305-394 (South Asia), 338-351 (Sub-Saharan Africa)",--,--,"4 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Unwanted pregnancy,Family-planning programs,PERSONAL,"Intrauterine devices, voluntary sterilization, condoms and other barrier methods, implants, and oral contraceptives",Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",117,,--,--,--,3
Colorectal cancer,Fecal occult blood test,POPULATION,Fecal occult blood test to check stool samples for traces of blood; conducted annually or biennially,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"3,200-12,100 per YLS (Highincome countries)",,,,2
Epilepsy,First-line treatment with phenobarbital,PERSONAL,First line treatment with phenobarbital to treat epilepsy patients,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",89,,--,2.99,3.32,5
Colorectal cancer,Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years with or without fecal occult blood test,PERSONAL,"Flexible sigmoidoscopy enables the physician to look at the inside of the large intestine from the rectum through the last part of the colon, called the sigmoid or descending colon; fecal occult blood test checks stool samples for traces of blood.",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"18,700-25,954 (USA)",,,,2
Osteoporosis,Fluoride,PERSONAL,Fluoride appears to decrease the risk of vertebral fracture for women with established osteoporosis; assumes neutral effect on hip fractures,Clinic,secondary prevention,Adults,,"46,684 per QALY (UK)",,,,1
Diarrheal disease,"Hand pump, standpost, or house connection where clean water supply is limited",POPULATION,"Installation of hand water pump, standpost, or house connection where clean water supply is limited and associated infrastructure currently do not exist",Community,control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",159,,--,--,--,1
Kidney disease,Hemodialysis,PERSONAL,Most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure; conducted in a treatment center or home.,"Clinic,Home",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"42,700-70,000 per YLS (USA); 61,000-99,400 per QALY (USA)",,,,1
Stroke (ischemic),Heparin and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,PERSONAL,Heparin within 48 hours of onset of stroke or thrombolytic therapy using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of onset,Local or district hospital,acute management,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","1,977",,"1,278-2,675",1.22,1.7,5
Hepatitis B,Hepatitis B vaccination,POPULATION,Hepatitis B (three or four doses) given through intramuscular injection,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","23,520d",,--,--,--,5
HIV/AIDS,Home care,PERSONAL,"Home visits providing basic care to sick AIDS patients or comprehensive schemes that provide palliative care, nutrition, psychosocial support and counseling, and links to primary and secondary health care",Home,"secondary prevention,palliation","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",673 (SubSaharan Africa),,--,--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Osteoporosis,Hormone replacement therapy,PERSONAL,"Estrogen replacement from age 50, 60, or menopause for healthy women; 5-year to lifetime treatment",Clinic,"primary prevention,secondary prevention",Adults,,"5088-23,734 per QALY",,,,1
Dengue,Immunization,POPULATION,Dengue immunization (a vaccine is currently undergoing clinical trials in Southeast Asia),"Community,Clinic,Local or district hospital",population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","1,440",,--,--,--,2
Dengue,Improved case management,PERSONAL,"No specific treatment: early recognition of symptoms such as intense continuous abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, restlessness or lethargy; supportive treatment includes fluid replacement and electrolytic therapy","Clinic,Local or district hospital",acute management,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",587,,--,--,--,2
Maternal mortality,Improved overall quality of care,PERSONAL,Improvements to quality of prenatal and delivery care; enhanced package including availability of doctor and full range of basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care (all six essential obstetric functions: administering antibiotics intravenously or,Clinic,"primary prevention,acute management","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","147 (South Asia), 83 (SubSaharan Africa)",,"133-160 (South Asia), 82-85 (SubSaharan Africa)","21.90 (South Asia), 53.05 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","56.20 (South Asia), 153.20 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","5 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Diarrhea,Improved quality of care,POPULATION,Educational interventions to improve quality of care and encourage oral rehydration therapy in hospitals; varies with marginal improvement; low to average prevalence,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,14-6000a per death averted,,,,4
Pneumonia,Improved quality of care,POPULATION,"Improved quality of care, including education for health providers and treatment of non-severe and severe pneumonia; varies with marginal improvement; low to average prevalence","Clinic,Local or district hospital",instrument of policy,-,,"132-5,000a per death averted",,,,4
Maternal mortality,Improved quality of care and coverage,PERSONAL,Improvements to quality of prenatal and delivery care and increase in the proportion of women receiving needed care; enhanced package including availability of doctor and full range of basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care (all six essential ob,Clinic,"primary prevention,acute management",Mothers and infants,"152 (South Asia), 86 (SubSaharan Africa)",,"138-167 (South Asia), 85-86 (SubSaharan Africa)","23.51 (South Asia), 56.93 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","60.29 (South Asia), 164.14 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","5 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Maternal mortality,Improved quality of comprehensive emergency obstetric care,PERSONAL,Increased percentage of women with severe complications receiving comprehensive emergency obstetric care,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",acute management,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","127 (South Asia), 87 (SubSaharan Africa)",,--,"13.28 (South Asia), 28.28 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","32.00 (South Asia), 78.00 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","5 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Indoor air pollution-related illness,Improved stove,POPULATION,Replacement of traditional open stoves with enclosed stoves that are more efficient and/or have flues for ventilation,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,306-605 per healthy year (EAP); 975-1134 per healthy year (LAC); 379-471 per healthy year (MNA): 13-15 per healthy year (SAR); 21-26 per healthy year (SSA),,,,5
Indoor air pollution-related illness,Improved stove with kerosene or LPG,POPULATION,Replacement of traditional open stoves with enclosed stoves that use kerosene or LPG,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,26-85 per healthy year (EAP); 522-1416 per healthy year (ECA); 305-784 per healthy year (LAC); 227-624 per healthy year (MNA): 27-182 per healthy year (SAR); 46-304 per healthy year (SSA),,,,5
Diarrheal disease,Improved water and sanitation at current coverage of amenities and other interventions,POPULATION,"Improved water supply and excreta disposal where established infrastructure currently exists, in urban or rural settings for at least five years",Community,control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","4,185",,"1,974-6,39",3.52,315.3,5
Maternal mortality,Increased primary care coverage,PERSONAL,"Increased percentage of women accessing routine prenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care","Clinic,Local or district hospital",primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","132 (South Asia), 88 (SubSaharan Africa)",,--,"13.09 (South Asia), 27.88 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","32.00 (South Asia), 77.00 (Sub-Saharan Africa)","5 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
Traffic accidents,"Increased speeding penalties, enforcement, media campaigns, and speed bumps",POPULATION,"Minimizing exposure to high-risk scenarios by installation of speed bumps at hazardous junctions, increased penalties for speeding, and other effective  road-safety regulations combined with media coverage and better enforcement of legislation",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",21,,3-38,0.67,197.16,5
Diabetes,Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations,POPULATION,Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations for elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,Adults,,220 per QALY (EAP); 290 per QALY (ECA); 360 per QALY (LAC); 310 per QALY (MNA); 180 per QALY (SAR); 160 per QALY (SSA),,,,5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,Inhaled medication,PERSONAL,Inhaled ipratroprium bromide or corticosteroid such as fluticasone propionate,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",palliation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"7800-13,400 per QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
Malaria,Insecticidetreated bednets,POPULATION,"Impregnation of bednets with deltamethrin, one treatment of permethrin, or two treatments of permethrin, with the bednets either purchased or subsidized",Home,control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",11 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,5-17 (SubSaharan Africa),376.00 (SubSaharan Africa),"1,429.60 (SubSaharan Africa)",5 (SubSaharan Africa)
Integrated management of childhood illness,Integrated management of childhood illness,PERSONAL,"Integration of effective interventions to improve child health and nutrition into a coordinated strategy by improving health worker performance, child health service delivery, and family and community practices",Clinic,"primary prevention,secondary prevention,cure","Infants or children,Mothers and infants",39 (SubSaharan Africa),,--,--,--,3 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Diabetes,Intensive glycemic control,PERSONAL,"Intensive glucose control to lower the level of glucose in the person with diabetes to a level close to that of a person without diabetes, for people with HbA1c higher than 8 percent, in order to prevent or delay long-term diabetes complications",Clinic,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,"2,410 per QALY (EAP); 3,230 per QALY (ECA); 4,000 per QALY (LAC); 3,400 per QALY (MNA); 2,000 per QALY (SAR); 1,810 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Malaria,Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with drug other than sulfadoxinepyrimethamine,PERSONAL,"Intermittent preventive treatment in areas with high and stable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria; two curative doses of antimalarial treatment given with a possible change in first-line therapies from chloroquine to sulfadoxinepyrimethamine,",Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",7 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,2-11 (SubSaharan Africa),--,"77,500.00 (SubSaharan Africa)",5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Malaria,Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxinepyrimethamine,PERSONAL,Intermittent preventive treatment in areas with high and stable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria; two curative doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine given during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy during prenatal care visits,Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",19 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,13-24 (Sub-Saharan Africa),208.00 (Sub-Saharan Africa),827.80 (Sub-Saharan Africa),5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
"Tuberculosis (endemic, latent)",Isoniazid treatment,PERSONAL,Isoniazid treatment of latent infection (with or without x-ray exclusion of active cases; nonHIV-infected population),Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults","13,158",,"9,450-16,867",--,--,5
"Tuberculosis (epidemic, latent)",Isoniazid treatment,PERSONAL,Isoniazid treatment of latent infection (x-ray exclusion of active cases; non-HIV-positive population) is conducted for epidemic tuberculosis,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",197,,45-348,--,--,5
Onchocerciasis,Ivermectin,POPULATION,Annual dose of ivermectin,"Clinic,Community",population-oriented medical intervention,Adults,37,,--,--,--,3
Indoor air pollution-related illness,Kerosene,POPULATION,"Substitution of wood, dung, and crop residues with kerosene for cooking and heating",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,12-232 per healthy year (EAP); 172-188 per healthy year (ECA); 109-650 per healthy year (LAC); 98 per healthy year (MNA): 37-65 per healthy year (SAR); 62-87 per healthy year (SSA),,,,5
Kidney disease,Kidney transplant,PERSONAL,Kidney transplant surgery.,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",cure,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"10,000 per LYS (USA); 11,000 per QALY (USA)",,,,2
Coronary artery disease,Legislation substituting 2% of trans fat with polyunsaturated fat at $0.50 per adult,POPULATION,"Legislation replacing 2% of dietary trans fat from partial hydrogenation in manufactured foods with polyunsaturated fat, at a cost of $0.50 per adult, and assuming a 7% reduction in coronary artery disease",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",48,,--,--,--,5
Coronary artery disease,Legislation substituting 2% of trans fat with polyunsaturated fat at $6 per adult,POPULATION,"Legislation replacing 2% of dietary trans fat from partial hydrogenation in manufactured foods with polyunsaturated fat, at a cost of $6 per adult, and assuming a 7-40% reduction in coronary artery disease",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",838,,"199-1,478",--,--,5
"Diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke",Legislation with public education to reduce salt content,POPULATION,Legislated reduction in salt content of manufactured foods and an accompanying public education campaign,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","1,937",,--,18.73,--,5
Parkinson's disease,Levodopa or carbidopa and deep brain stimulation,PERSONAL,Levodopa or carbidopa and deep brain stimulation,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,Adults,"31,114",,--,0.15,--,5
Osteoarthritis,Lifestyle change,PERSONAL,Exercise (aquatic) and calcium supplements,Clinic,"primary prevention,secondary prevention",Adults,,"96,119-498,700 per QALY (Highincome countries)",,,,1
Diabetes,Lifestyle intervention (type 2 prevention),POPULATION,Behavioral change for weight reduction by means of a combination of a low-calorie diet and moderate physical activity,Clinic,personal behavior change,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",,80 per QALY (EAP); 100 per QALY (ECA); 130 per QALY (LAC); 110 per QALY (MNA); 60 per QALY (SAR); 60 per QALY (SSA),,,,5
Primary care ailments,Limited care,PERSONAL,"Includes treatment of infection and minor trauma; for more complicated condition, includes diagnosis, advice and pain relief, and treatment as resources permit",Clinic,cure,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,253-380 per DALY (Low income countries); 507-760 per DALY (Middle income countries),,,,1
Indoor air pollution-related illness,Liquefied petroleum gas,POPULATION,"Substitution of wood, dung, and crop residues with liquefied petroleum gas for cooking and heating",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,103-1746 per healthy year (EAP); 1258-1361 per healthy year (ECA); 806-1447 per healthy year (LAC); 779-785 per healthy year (MNA); 321-558 per healthy year (SA); 534-736 per healthy year (SSA),,,,5
Bipolar disorder,"Lithium, valproate, with optional psy-chosocial treatment, community-based",PERSONAL,Episodic treatment of bipolar disorder in a community setting using lithium or valproate with or without maintenance or episodic psychosocial treatment,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","3,113",,"2,498-3,728",1.35,--,5
Bipolar disorder,"Lithium, valproate, with optional psychosocial treatment, hospital-based",PERSONAL,Episodic treatment in a hospital setting with lithium or valproate with or without maintenance or episodic psychosocial treatment,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","4,417",,"3,590-5,244",1,--,5
Respiratory disease (end stage),Lung transplant,PERSONAL,Surgical replacement with donor lung,Local or district hospital,cure,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"238,200-464,000 per QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
Tuberculosis (endemic),Management of drug resistance,PERSONAL,"Introduction of resistance testing, second-line drugs, longer treatment regimen (12-18 months), and rigorous bacteriological and clinical monitoring; standardized or individualized regimen",Local or district hospital,"secondary prevention,cure","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",318,,208-429,--,--,5
Tuberculosis (epidemic),Management of drug resistance,PERSONAL,"Management of drug resistance (standard regimen) for epidemic TB conducted via introduction of resistance testing, second-line drugs, longer treatment regimen (12-18 months), and rigorous bacteriological and clinical monitoring",Local or district hospital,"secondary prevention,cure","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",207,,201-212,--,--,5
Neonatal mortality,Maternal and child health package with no neonatal care after birth,PERSONAL,"Mother and child health package that includes family planning, prenatal care, and comprehensive obstetric care","Clinic,Local or district hospital",primary prevention,"Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","1,060 (South Asia), 924 (SubSaharan Africa)",,--,--,--,"4 (South Asia), 5 (Sub-Saharan Africa)"
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cardiovascular disease",Mechanical ventilation or oxygen therapy,PERSONAL,"Mechanical ventilation with inspiratory support, invasive respiration in intensive care unit, or long-term home oxygen therapy","Clinic,Local or district hospital",palliation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"15,000-19,000 per YLS (High-income countries); 32,350-47,850 per QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
"Diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke",Media campaign to reduce saturated fat,POPULATION,Media campaign to reduce saturated fat content in manufactured foods and replacing part of the saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","2,617",,--,13.86,--,5
African trypanosomiasis,Melarsoprol,PERSONAL,Used in the second stage of the disease,Clinic,secondary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",10 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,--,--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Diabetes,Metformin intervention for preventing type 2 diabetes,PERSONAL,"Metformin therapy for preventing type 2 diabetes among people at high risk, such as those with prediabetes",Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"2,180 per QALY (EAP); 2,930 per QALY (ECA); 3,630 per QALY (LAC); 3,080 per QALY (MNA); 1,820 per QALY (SAR); 1,640 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Opioid abuse,Methadone maintenance substitution,PERSONAL,Substitution of short-acting heroin with long-acting orally administered opioid Methodone; includes heroin users living in communities with high HIV prevalence,Clinic,rehabilitation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"6800 per LYS (Highincome countries); 9000 per QALY (High-income countries, high-HIV prevalence)",,,,1
Pain,Morphine,PERSONAL,Providing oral morphine and necessary associated drugs,Clinic,palliation,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",,"210-408 per year of pain free life added (Chile, Romania, Uganda)",,,,4
HIV/AIDS,Mother-to-child transmission prevention,PERSONAL,"All pregnant women offered screening to prevent mother-tochild transmission; administration of a short-course of AZT, lamivudine, or nevirapine to mothers prepartum and intrapartum and to newborns postpartum to reduce the risk of motherto-child transmissi",Clinic,primary prevention,"Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Mothers and infants",192,,7-377,--,--,2
Opioid abuse,Naltrexone induced rapid opioid detoxification under sedation (RODS),PERSONAL,Patient is given naltrexone under general anesthetic.,Local or district hospital,rehabilitation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"2,498 per week of abstinence (Australia)",,,,1
Cervical cancer,Nationwide Pap screening program based on fiveyear intervals,PERSONAL,Nationwide Pap screening program based on five-year intervals,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,769 per YLS (Vietnam),,,,2
Meningitis,Neisseria meningitidis vaccine,POPULATION,"Neisseria meningitidis vaccine for  serogroups A, C, Y, Wi35 only; unconjugated polysaccharides given subcutaneously; one dose with repeat three to five years later for those at high risk",Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","12,632 (SubSaharan Africa)",,--,--,--,5 (SubSaharan Africa)
Tobacco addiction,Nicotine replacement therapy,PERSONAL,Smoking cessation treatments in the form of nicotine replacement therapy,Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",396,,--,37.14,452.05,5
Osteoporosis,Nonestrogen drug treatments,PERSONAL,Raloxifene or calcitonin to reduce bone fractures; with or without 5 years of therapy,Clinic,secondary prevention,Adults,,"34,166-835,622 per QALY (High income Countries)",,,,1
Tobacco addiction,Nonprice interventions,POPULATION,"Advertising bans on television, radio, and billboards; health information and advertising in the form of health warning labels on tobacco products; interventions to reduce tobacco supply, such as smuggling control; restrictions on smoking",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",353,,--,--,--,5
Cervical cancer,One-visit VIA,PERSONAL,Cervix is viewed after the application of an acetic acid solution; screening and treatment conducted during the same visit,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,56 per YLS (Brazil); 54 per YLS (Madagascar); 43 per YLS (Zimbabwe),,,,1
Diarrheal disease,Oral rehydration therapy for package costing $5.50 per episode,PERSONAL,"Case management of acute diarrheal infection with oral rehydration salt solutions, for package costing $5.50 per child per episode",Clinic,acute management,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants","1,062",,--,16.57,58.2,5
HIV/AIDS,Peer and education programs for high-risk groups,POPULATION,"Targeting community members (for example, students or commercial sex workers) to disseminate information and teach specific skills",Community,personal behavior change,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",37,,6-68,--,--,2
"Hib, and hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus",Pentavalent vaccine,POPULATION,Hib vaccination (three or four doses) and hepatitis B (three or four doses) given concurrently with diphtheria-pertussistetanus,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",296d,,--,--,--,5
Myocardial infarction and stroke,Polypill,PERSONAL,"Combination treatment with aspirin, beta-blocker, thiazide diuretic, ACE inhibitor and statin, based on 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",409,,--,--,--,5
Stroke and ischemic and hypertensive heart disease,Polypill by absolute risk approach,PERSONAL,"Combination treatment with aspirin, beta-blocker, thiazide diuretic, ACE inhibitor, and statin based on 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","2,128",,"773-3,483",61.65,--,5
Down syndrome,Prenatal screening with option of pregnancy termination,POPULATION,"Prenatal genetic screening program, incorporating maternal serum triple screening of all pregnant women, for trisomy of chromosome 21, to allow parents to determine whether to continue with an affected pregnancy","Clinic,Local or district hospital",population-oriented medical intervention,"Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",15,,--,--,--,5
Mild to moderate asthma,Quick-releavers in addition to inhaled corticosteriods,PERSONAL,"Rapid-acting bronchodilators that act to relieve bronchoconstriction and accompanying acute symptoms of wheeze, chest tightness, and cough, e.g., salbutamol; incremental to inhaled corticosteroid treatment","Clinic,Local or district hospital",palliation,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,"10,600-13,900 per QALY (High-income countries)",,,,1
Breast cancer,Radiation therapy,PERSONAL,Radiation therapy following mastectomy and chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer in premenopausal women,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,Adults,,"23,300-44,000 per QALY (USA)",,,,2
Colorectal cancer,Radiation therapy,PERSONAL,Preoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer patients; with varying rates of recurrence and survival advantage with and without radiation treatment,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age",,"908-15,228 per YLS (Sweden)",,,,1
Osteoarthritis,Replacement surgery,PERSONAL,Synovial fluid replacement (hylan G-F 20) for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee; or complete hip joint or knee replacement with implant,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",secondary prevention,Adults,5233-6893 per QALY (High income countries),Elderly men and women,,,,
Malaria,Residual household spraying,POPULATION,"One or two doses of malathion, DDT, deltamethrin, or lambdacyhalothrin applied to household surfaces",Home,control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",17 (Sub-Saharan Africa),,9-24 (SubSaharan Africa),376.00 (SubSaharan Africa),"1,429.60 (SubSaharan Africa)",5 (SubSaharan Africa)
Silicosis,Respirator,POPULATION,Half-face or full-face respirator and associated training,Policy level,instrument of policy,Adults,,300-305a per DALY (USA and Canada); 266-274a per DALY (Western Pacific),,,,3
Adolescent health and nutrition,School health and nutrition programs,POPULATION,"Inclusion of deworming of intestinal worms and schistosomiasis; prompt recognition and treatment of malaria; insecticide-treated bednets; micronutrient supplements; breakfast, snacks, other meals; first-aid kits; referral to youthfriendly clinics; and cou","Community,School",population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Adolescents and adults",37,,--,--,--,3
Diabetes,Screening,POPULATION,Screening of individuals at increased risk for undiagnosed diabetes,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",population-oriented medical intervention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women",,"5,140 per QALY (EAP); 6,910 per QALY (ECA); 8,550 per QALY (LAC); 7,260 per QALY (MNA); 4,280 per QALY (SAR); 3,870 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Breast cancer,Screening mammography,PERSONAL,Examination of the breasts performed by compressing the breast firmly between a plastic plate and an X-ray cassette that contains special X-ray film; one lifetime or biennially,Clinic,secondary prevention,Adults,,"12,262-24,493 per death prevented (India); 902-1846 per LYS (India); 2450-14,790a per YLS (Europe); 28,600-47,900 (USA)",,,,"2 (USA, Europe); 4 (India)"
Measles,Second opportunity vaccination in a fixed facility,POPULATION,Second opportunity to receive a dose of measles vaccine (either through routine or supplemental immunization activities) at a fixed facility,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",4,,--,--,--,5
Epilepsy (refractory),Second-line treatment with phenobarbital and lamotrigine or surgery,PERSONAL,"Antiepileptic drugs, phenobarbital and lamotrigine, or a combination of phenobarbital and surgery to treat epilepsy patients unresponsive to phenobarbital",Referral hospital,secondary prevention,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","3,027",,"2,994-3,060",0.29,0.32,5
HIV/AIDS,Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis and treatment,PERSONAL,Sexually transmitted infection screening and treatment promotion to prevent future infection and to identify and treat highrisk populations,Clinic,"primary prevention,cure","Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",57 (SubSaharan Africa),,9-105 (SubSaharan Africa),--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Diabetes,Smoking cessation,PERSONAL,Counseling and medication such as the nicotine patch,Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",,"870 per QALY (EAP); 1,170 per QALY (ECA); 1,450 per QALY (LAC); 1,230 per QALY (MNA); 730 per QALY (SAR); 660 per QALY (SSA)",,,,5
Emergency medical care,Staffed community ambulance,POPULATION,Introduction or promotion of training programs for emergency responders and ambulance drivers in urban or rural settings for countries that lack ambulances and training programs,Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",120,,60-179,34.84,140,5
Ischemic heart disease,"Statin, with aspirin and betablocker with ACE inhibitor",PERSONAL,"Statin (lovastatin), incremental to aspirin, beta-blocker (atenolol), and ACE inhibitor (enalapril), with or without hospital availability","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","2,028",,"1,864-2,193",3.54,--,5
Myocardial infarction,"Streptokinase, with aspirin and beta-blocker",PERSONAL,"Incremental use of streptokinase, in addition to aspirin and beta-blocker (atenolol)","Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",acute management,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",671,,--,1.04,--,5
Zinc deficiency,Supplements with oral rehydration salts,PERSONAL,Provision of zinc as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts in treating diarrhea in young children,"Clinic,Local or district hospital",primary prevention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",73,,--,--,--,3
Problems requiring surgery,Surgical ward or services in district hospital or community clinic,POPULATION,"Surgical ward in a district hospital or community clinic to provide care for a wide range of conditions, such as trauma, childbirth, and abdominal conditions","Local or district hospital,Clinic",instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",136,,54-217,--,--,5
Undernutrition and malnutrition,Sustained child health and nutrition program,POPULATION,"Possible inclusion of prenatal care, women's health and nutrition, breastfeeding promotion and counseling, complementary feeding, growth monitoring and promotion, micronutrient supplementation, micronutrient fortification, supplementary feeding using loca","Community,Clinic",population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",225,,--,--,--,3
Tobacco addiction,Taxation causing 33% price increase,POPULATION,"A 33 percent price increase due to tobacco taxes to discourage tobacco use, prevent initiation (and subsequent addiction) among youths, increase the likelihood of cessation among current users, reduce relapse among former users, and reduce consumption amo",Policy level,instrument of policy,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",22,,--,37.27,"1,905.99",5
Tetanus,"Tetanus toxoid vaccination, mix of strategies",POPULATION,"Tetanus toxoid vaccination via a mix of strategies depending on local needs, including fixed facilities, immunization campaigns, mobile delivery, and community outreach","Clinic,Community",population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Pregnant women,Mothers and infants","1,411",,--,--,--,5
Trachoma,Tetracycline or azithromycin,PERSONAL,Tetracycline or azithromycin to treat the initial trachoma infection through either mass treatment of all children younger than 10 or through targeted treatment of infected children and household members,Clinic,primary prevention,"Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults","6,269",,"3,752-8,785",--,--,3
Cervical cancer,Three-visit cytology,PERSONAL,"Cytology sample obtained during the first visit, colposcopy for screen-positive women conducted during the second visit, and treatment provided during the third visit",Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,Adults,,589 per YLS (Brazil); 379 per YLS (Madagascar); 331 per YLS (Zimbabwe),,,,1
Myocardial infarction,"Tissue plasminogen activator, with aspirin and beta-blocker",PERSONAL,Incremental use of tissue plasminogen activator in addition to aspirin and beta-blocker (atenolol),Local or district hospital,acute management,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults","15,869",,--,0.42,--,5
"Tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles",Traditional Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI),POPULATION,Scaling up of EPI; a fixed increment of coverage added for each year 2002-11 to reach 90 percent; coverage increases assumed to result from switching to more effective and intensive implementation strategies rather than additional infrastructure investmen,Community,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",7,,--,--,--,5
Emergency medical care,Training volunteer paramedics with lay first responders,POPULATION,"Identification and training of community member first responders and paramedics to act in health emergencies, recognize lifeor limb-threatening situations, transport patients, and provide basic first aid",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",6,,--,18.42,74,5
HIV/AIDS,Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma,PERSONAL,"Treatment before or after antiretroviral treatment, including failed antiretroviral treatment; local or systemic treatment of lesions to provide largely cosmetic benefit","Clinic,Local or district hospital","primary prevention,palliation","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","52,449",,"34,968-69,930",--,--,3
HIV/AIDS,Treatment of opportunistic infections,PERSONAL,"Opportunistic infection prophylaxis; necessary for patients without access to antiretroviral treatment, for immunosuppressed patients waiting for antiretroviral treatment to take effect, for patients who refuse or cannot take antiretroviral treatment, for","Clinic,Local or district hospital","primary prevention,cure","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",156,,3-310,--,--,3
Trachoma,Trichiasis surgery,PERSONAL,Trichiasis surgery (eyelid correction) to prevent blindness and reduce likelihood of other conditions,"Local or district hospital,Referral hospital",secondary prevention,Adults,39,,--,--,--,3
HIV/AIDS,Tuberculosis coinfection prevention and treatment,PERSONAL,"Preventive therapy, short-course chemotherapy, or co-trimoxazole prophylaxis",Clinic,"primary prevention,cure","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",121 (SubSaharan Africa),,6-235 (SubSaharan Africa),--,--,2 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Cervical cancer,Two-visit HPV testing,PERSONAL,HPV DNA testing during the first visit followed by treatment of screen-positive women during the second visit,Local or district hospital,secondary prevention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Adolescents and adults",,122 per YLS (Brazil); 167 per YLS (Madagascar); 41 per YLS (South Africa); 117 per YLS (Zimbabwe),,,,1
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib),Vaccine containing Hib,POPULATION,"Hib vaccination (three or four doses), given concurrently with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus",Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Infants or children,Mothers and infants",733d,,--,29.25,113.83,5
Chagas disease,Vector control,POPULATION,"Vector control activities including spraying combined with housing improvement, community involvement in surveillance, and strong programs of health education",Community,control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",284 (Latin America and the Caribbean),,--,--,--,1 (Latin America and the Caribbean)
Dengue,Vector control,POPULATION,"Chemical vector control using larvicides and insecticide space sprays (including emephos, permethrin, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) to protect drinking water, or environmental vector control, such as removal of standing","Community,Local or district hospital",control of environmental hazards,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants","2,566",,"1,992-3,139",--,--,2
Lymphatic filariasis,Vector control,POPULATION,"Integrated vector control to reduce overall prevalence of microfilaria parasites, such as polystyrene beads in vector (mosquito) breeding habitats",Policy level,instrument of policy,"All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",160 (South Asia),,43-277 (South Asia),--,--,4 (South Asia)
HIV/AIDS,Voluntary counseling and testing,POPULATION,Routine and voluntary confidential HIV counseling and testing,Clinic,population-oriented medical intervention,"Adults,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults",47,,10-85,--,--,2
Diarrheal disease,Water sector regulation with advocacy where clean water supply is limited,POPULATION,"Surveillance of drinking water quality and quality of service by the water supply utility in terms of coverage, quantity, continuity, control of sanitary hazards, and cost, as well as advocacy of lower connection charges","Policy level,Community","instrument of policy,control of environmental hazards","All ages,Adults,Infants or children,Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Adolescents and adults,Mothers and infants",47,,--,--,--,1